Private Eddie Slovik
A couple of weeks before Christmas, I was working on sorting out my stock of military insignia and something caused me to think of Private Eddie Slovik. I went online and ordered a copy of the 1954 book titled, The Execution of Private Slovik. I didn't have to search for the title of the book, I had read it many times before. I just didn't have a copy on hand.
What had caused me to think of Eddie Slovik on that day? Before they executed Pvt. Eddie Slovik, eighty years ago this morning, they removed all United States insignia and markings from the uniform that he was wearing. Then he was tied to a post; his head was covered, and he was shot by a firing squad of twelve American soldiers. This carried out the sentence of "shot to death by musketry" that he had been given in a court-martial.
How did I learn about Private Slovik? In February of 1965, our family moved into a rambling home built in 1927 in Tampa Heights. It was a big old house. My brother and I lived in the two bedrooms that comprised the second story. Between the two bedrooms and down the hall from the bathroom was a large closet. At the back of that closet was a small door that was the access point for the attic above the living room and dining room.
We had lived there almost 24 hours before my curiosity drove me to check out the attic. There was some stuff piled just inside the door in the attic. There were some old toys, some paperback books, one volume of the World Book encyclopedia and a child's printing press. I will cover the printing press in a future post. I looked through the paperback books and one caught my eye. It was The Execution of Private Slovik written by William Bradford Huie. I don't recall which was more impressive. Was it the title of the book or an author who used three names?
I took the book and spent the next couple of hours reading it. The next day, I read it again. For an eleven-year-old boy, it was a fascinating read. When I found the book and read it, the time was just a couple of weeks after the twentieth anniversary of the execution of Private Slovik.
It was the story of a boy who got into trouble early in life and ended up in "reform school" and prison. He had been released and managed to get his life straightened out. He got a job and worked hard to advance. He got married and kept working hard to get the things that middle class Americans wanted to have. This was in the early years of World War 2.
Eddie Slovik was classified as 4-F by the draft board due to his time in prison. He wasn't worried about getting drafted. But in November 1943 the Selective Service System changed his status to 1-A. His was not the only person who had their status changed. With the invasion of Europe coming, there was an enormous need for cannon fodder. So, they inducted a guy who was on probation into the US Army. Did they check with his parole officer before issuing him a rifle?
The guy they rated as 1-A had legs that were so bowed that he had an operation as a child where they broke his legs and tried to reshape them. His feet were so bad that in basic training they allowed him to wear lightweight shoes instead of the standard issue Army shoes. How was this 1-A?
Eddie reported for basic training in January 1944. He and his unit sailed from New York on August 7, 1944. On August 20th, he and his regiment arrived at Omaha Beach. Eddie and a buddy got separated from their regiment leaving Omaha Beach on August 25th. They fell in with a group of Canadians from the 13th Provost Corps and spent the next several weeks with them. On October 8th they finally caught up with and reported to their regiment. That night Slovik left the regiment again. On October 9th he turned himself in and was put in the stockade. On October 19, charges of desertion were filed against him. They offered him a deal that if he would return to duty, they would drop the charges.
He declined and went to trial on November 11th, Armistice Day. His trial started at 10:00 AM. At 11:40, they announced that he was guilty and had been sentenced to death. His crime was "desertion to avoid hazardous duty". An hour and forty minutes for a trial, jury deliberations and sentencing? That's some speedy justice!! Captain Edward Woods, the officer appointed by the court to be Slovik's counsel, was not even an attorney. Nothing to see here, folks!
On November 27th, division commander, General Cota approved the death sentence. On December 23rd General Dwight D. Eisenhower confirmed the death penalty sentence. On January 23rd General Eisenhower ordered his execution. Eisenhower said that he thought the execution would serve as a "deterrent" for the surge in desertions during the Battle of the Bulge.
On January 31st, Eddie Slovik was executed by a firing squad in St. Marie, France. The site chosen for the execution was the garden of a large home in the area, As Sgt. Frank McKendrick was tying Slovik's hands at the execution site, Slovik said "They're not shooting me for deserting the United States Army. Thousands of guys have done that. They're shooting me for bread and chewing gum that I stole when I was twelve years old." Eddie was executed at a few minutes after 10:00 AM, eighty years ago today.
Father Carl Cummings, a Catholic priest was ministering to Eddie that morning. Just before they put the hood over his head, Cummings told him, "Eddie when you get up there, say a little prayer for me." Slovik's last words were, "Okay Father. I'll pray that you don't follow me too soon." A couple of minutes later, twelve rifles fired. Slovik did not die immediately. They started reloading the rifles, but just as they finished, the doctor pronounced Slovik to be dead. Father Cummings would later say, "Slovik was the bravest man in that garden today."
This is where the government's entire motive starts to fall apart. The Army did not issue any communications to the troops to tell them that a deserter had been executed. It's hard for execution to be a deterrent if no one knows about it. The Army failed to notify his wife, Antoinette Slovik, that he had been executed. She received a message that he had been killed. When she inquired about pay and insurance, she was told that he had died "under dishonorable circumstances". It was eight years later before his wife found out how Eddie Slovik had died. She was told by William Bradford Huie when he met her. He told her what happened to Eddie and then paid her for her story. That story included letters that she had received from Eddie. There are many excerpts from his letters in the book.
She tried to get the government to pay her what she would have received if he had been killed in action. From 1954 to her death in 1979, she tried to clear her husband. She asked seven Presidents to pardon Eddie. Jimmy Carter asked Congress to give her a $70,000 settlement, but she died before Congress took any action.
In 1974 a made for television movie was produced starring Martin Sheen as Eddie Slovik. It's still available on VHS. In one of those little nuggets that makes history interesting, at one point Frank Sinatra bought the movie rights to Slovik's story. He was going to make a movie about Slovik, but it was 1960 and he was supporting John F. Kennedy in his Presidential campaign. Other Kennedy supporters convinced Sinatra that this was not the time for that story to be told. Frank sold the rights to someone else.
In 1987 Bernard Calka, a World War 2 veteran, convinced President Ronald Reagan to return Slovik's remains to the United States. Calka raised over $5,000 to have Slovik's remains exhumed and brought home. He is buried next to his wife Antoinette, at Woodmere cemetery in Detroit.
Also, in 1987 American Heritage magazine published an article about Slovik. It was written by Dr. Benedict Kimmelman. In 1944 he was a captain in the US Army who served as a member of Slovik's court-martial. Dr. Kimmelman was not a front-line officer; he was a dentist. During the Battle of the Bulge, his medical unit was overrun, and he was captured. He spent five months in a POW camp in Germany. Kimmelman didn't find out that Slovik had been executed until the war was over. He was in a shop in Paris looking for a gift for his wife when a sergeant recognized him and said, "You know they shot Slovik!"
In his article in American Heritage, Mr. Kimmelman wrote that none of the officers were front line officers. He believes that combat soldiers should be judged by officers who have been in combat. This came after his experiences in a combat zone in the Battle of the Bulge where he saw many soldiers, including officers, who did worse than what Slovik had done. When Kimmelman was interviewed in 1953 by Huie he said that he would not have voted to convict Slovik if his own combat experience had come before Slovik's trial.
Since 1864, millions of men have served in the United States armed forces. We have engaged in the Indian Wars, the Spanish-American War, World War 1, World War 2, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, Desert Storm, the war in Afghanistan and a score of other smaller conflicts. Thousands of soldiers have deserted. In the European theater in WW2 alone, more than 2800 men were charged with desertion. Of those, 49 men were sentenced to death. Of those 49, only one, Eddie Slovik was executed. There are only two possibilities. He was either the unluckiest man in human history or our system of justice failed him. In retrospect, the system also failed the nation.
To date, no President has pardoned Eddie Slovik. Our record of executing ONE deserter in the last 161 years needs to be erased. We can own up to having screwed up when we killed the poor little Polish kid from Detroit who should have never been in the Army. The world won't end if we admit to a mistake. It's time for President Trump to pardon Private Slovik. It's time for America to right this wrong.